CONTENTS CHAPTER I A SACRAMENT DEFINED I § I. Elaboration of the Concept of Efficacious Symbolism with regard to Baptism and the Eucharist, by writers prior to St. Augustine I § II. The Augustinian Definition of a Sacrament 22 § III. The Definition of a Sacrament according to Mediaeval writers 34 § IV. The definition of a Sacrament according to the Theologians subsequent to the Council of Trent 47 CHAPTER II THE COMPOSITION OF THE SACRAMENTAL RITES 51 § I. The Theory of a Sacramental Sign before St. Augustine 53 § II. The Augustinian Theory of the Sacramental Sign 59 § III. The Composition of the Sacraments during the 12th. Century — Peter Lombard 66 § IV. The Conception of Matter and Form of a Sacrament in the 13th. Century 72 § V. The Conception of Matter and Form, after the 13th. Century 78 CHAPTER III THE EFFICACY OF THE SACRAMENTS 93 § I. The Definition of the Council of Trent 93 § II. The Efficacy of the Sacraments at the Beginning of the Church 96 § III. The Earliest Speculations concerning the Efficacy of the Sacraments — Tertullian and Origen 108 § IV. The Part of the Minister and that of the Subject in the Efficacy of the Sacraments 116 a. — The Baptismal Controversy — St Cyprian and Pope St. Stephen 117 b. — Donatism — St. Optatus and St Augustine 130 § V. The Efficacy of the Sacraments in the Early Part of the Middle Ages — Reordinations — The Sacraments Administered by those that are Excommunicated — The Heresies of the 12th. Century 156 § VI. The Formula Ex Opere Operato. The Problem of the Causality of the Sacraments during the 13th. Century 162 § VII. The Protestant Sacramental System and the Definitions of the Council of Trent 177 § VIII. The Actual Controversy about the Causality of the Sacraments 184 § IX. Grace Produced by the Sacraments 196 CHAPTER IV THE SACRAMENTAL CHARACTER 204 § I. The Teaching of the Church 204 § II. From the Beginning of the Church to St. Augustine — Three Sacraments Not Repeated — The Doctrine of the Sphragis 208 § III. The Augustinian Doctrine 226 § IV. The Silence of the Early Middle Ages concerning the Sacramental Character — The complete development of the Dogma at the beginning of the 13th. Century 234 § V. The Nature of the Sacramental Character — Alexander of Hales and St. Thomas — Duns Scotus and Durandus of St. Pourçain 245 CHAPTER V THE NUMBER OF THE SACRAMENTS 256 § I. The Teaching of the Church 256 § II. The Number of the Sacraments in the Patristic Period 259 § III. The Attempts of the Early Middle Ages 263 § IV. The Number of the Sacraments in the Twelfth Century — Peter Lombard 268 § V. The Fitness of the Number of the Sacraments — The Interventions of the Church 277 § VI. The Protestant Heresy and the Orthodox Greek Church 289 CHAPTER VI THE DIVINE INSTITUTION OF THE SACRAMENTS 295 § I. The Definition of the Council of Trent, and the Theological Hypotheses on the Manner of the Divine Institution of the Sacraments — Newman's Hypothesis 295 § II. The Divine Institution of the Sacraments According to Scripture 302 § III. The Dogma of the Divine Institution according to the Fathers — The Thesis of Liberal Protestantism on the Origin of the Sacraments 316 § IV. The Dogma of the Divine Institution According to the Theologians 334 a. — The Fact of the Divine Institution of the Seven Sacraments is Affirmed 334 b. — The Manner of the Divine Institution of the Sacraments 336 CHAPTER VII THE INTENTION OF THE MINISTER AND THE RECIPIENT 345 § I. Doctrine of the Church 346 § II. From the Beginning up to St. Augustine, the Minister of the Sacrament is considered as the Representative of Christ or His Church — The Ordinations imposed by force in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries 350 § III. The First Speculations of the Intention of the Minister and that of the Recipient of the Sacrament — St. Augustine 361 § IV. The Dogma of the Intention in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 371 § V. The Controversy on the Purely Exterior Intention — Ambrose Catharinus, O. P. 385 § VI. The Qualities Required in the Intention of Minister and of Subject 392 Conclusion 396 Index 407 Digitized by Google.

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